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Our cells contain tiny, highly specialized power plants that—relative to their weight—can generate more energy than the sun. We're talking about mitochondria, the fascinating organelles that not only ensure our survival but also play a crucial role in our health and energy.
Mitochondria are truly multitalented cells. They provide energy, influence how we age, and play a role in many diseases. At the same time, we can do a lot ourselves to support these cellular powerhouses and keep them healthy. Let's take a closer look.
What are mitochondria?
Mitochondria are tiny cell organelles found in almost all cells in our body – with the exception of red blood cells. They measure only 0.75 to 3 micrometers in size, but they are truly powerhouses. In a single cell, such as a heart muscle cell, thousands of mitochondria work tirelessly to provide the necessary energy. Particularly impressive: a human egg cell can contain up to 100,000 mitochondria .
In addition to energy production, mitochondria perform many other vital functions, such as:
Keeping cells clean: They help get rid of old or damaged cells to make room for new ones. This is called "programmed cell death."
Chemistry for the cells: They build special molecules such as iron-sulfur clusters, which are needed for many important processes in the cells.
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The right balance: They maintain the balance between oxidative and reductive processes in the cells, i.e. a cellular balance between “stress” and “relaxation”.
Hormone production: They even help in the production of important hormones such as sex hormones.
What's particularly exciting is that millions of years ago, mitochondria were independent bacteria that merged with our cells. They're like ancient "roommates" who have retained a piece of their own DNA. This allows them to still control some things themselves, rather than being completely dependent on the cell. Deep down, they're still a bit like the bacteria they evolved from—and that's exactly what makes them so unique!
How do mitochondria work?
The main function of mitochondria is the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , our body's universal energy source. This energy production occurs in several steps:
Carbohydrates are converted
It all begins in the cell's cytoplasm, outside the mitochondria. There, carbohydrates we ingest through food are broken down into smaller components. One important step is the conversion into a molecule called pyruvate . This is, so to speak, the first raw material that the mitochondria use for energy production.The citric acid cycle – collecting energy
The pyruvate migrates to the mitochondria, where it is further processed in the so-called citric acid cycle . This process releases small particles containing a lot of energy – called electrons . These electrons are like energy packets that are later reused.-
The respiratory chain – sending electrons on their journey
The electrons are then passed along a kind of conveyor belt, the respiratory chain . This respiratory chain consists of several "stations" (called complexes) that pass the electrons along one by one. This process creates a "proton gradient" – meaning that there are many protons (small positively charged particles) on one side of the membrane and few on the other. This creates a kind of voltage field, like in a battery. ATP synthase – converting energy into ATP
Eventually, this stored energy is used to produce the molecule ATP . This happens through an enzyme called ATP synthase . You can imagine it as a small windmill, powered by the protons as they flow back through the membrane. This releases the energy needed to produce ATP.-
ATP – The energy that drives everything
The finished ATP leaves the mitochondria and is used wherever energy is needed in the cell. It is, so to speak, the "currency" used for all processes in the body.
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ATP - This is what you need it for
- Moves muscles: Without ATP, your muscles couldn't contract, so no movement, no heartbeat.
- Supplies your brain: Your brain needs ATP for communication between nerve cells so that you can think, learn, or store memories.
- Helps with cell building: ATP provides the energy needed to produce new cells, proteins, and other important molecules.
- Repairs damage: Even the repair of minor cell damage only works with sufficient ATP.
An impressive detail: Mitochondria generate an electrical voltage of approximately 1,000,000 volts per centimeter —a value that would generate a spark in the air. But in our cells, this happens in a controlled and precise manner.
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Mitochondria and health: key to vitality and prevention
Mitochondria are not just energy producers, but play a central role in virtually all processes that determine our health. Their function extends far beyond ATP production. They are crucial for cell protection, aging processes, and the development of many chronic diseases.
1. Energy and quality of life
Mitochondrial energy production is essential for all cellular functions. Every cell needs ATP to perform its specific tasks—be it signal transmission in the nervous system, muscle contraction, or hormone production. When mitochondria aren't functioning optimally, an energy deficiency occurs at the cellular level. This manifests itself in:
Chronic fatigue and exhaustion : Those affected often feel weak. This has a significant impact on physical and mental performance.
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Reduced physical endurance : Reduced energy production in muscle cells also leads to rapid fatigue during physical activity.
Mental fatigue : The brain, a high-energy organ, is sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction and shows symptoms such as difficulty concentrating and memory loss.
2. Mitochondria and aging processes
Mitochondria play a key role in the aging process. Mitochondrial function declines over time due to damage to mitochondrial DNA and oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress – when free radicals rage
As mitochondria produce ATP, small molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced as a byproduct. These are aggressive particles that, like tiny troublemakers, can attack cellular components, such as the cell membrane, proteins, or even DNA. If too many of these are produced and not neutralized in time, they can damage the cell and lead to dysfunction.Damaged mtDNA – the Achilles heel of mitochondria
Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) is less well protected than the DNA in the cell nucleus. This makes it more susceptible to damage, especially from oxidative stress. If this DNA is damaged, the mitochondria can no longer function properly. Impaired energy production is the result.Fewer and inefficient mitochondria – energy decreases
As we age, the number of mitochondria in our cells also decreases. The remaining ones often function more slowly and less efficiently. This leads to a vicious cycle of energy deficiency and accelerated aging.
Studies show that mitochondrial function correlates with a variety of age-related symptoms and diseases:
Wrinkles and skin aging : decrease in collagen synthesis and skin regeneration.
Decreasing muscle mass and strength : Mitochondria are crucial for maintaining muscle mass.
Declining cognitive functions : Energy deficiency in the brain contributes to dementia.
3. Dealing with free radicals: producers and defenders in one
During energy production, mitochondria produce free radicals in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) . These are beneficial in small amounts, helping to transmit signals between cells. However, when too many of these free radicals are produced, the balance becomes uncontrollable, resulting in oxidative stress .
What does this mean?
Production : Mitochondria produce ROS as a byproduct of their work.
Damage : Too many ROS attack cell membranes, proteins, and even DNA, which damages cells and can promote diseases such as cancer, diabetes, or heart problems.
Protection : At the same time, mitochondria have protective mechanisms to defend themselves and the cells. They produce antioxidants such as coenzyme Q10 and glutathione , which neutralize excess free radicals and thus prevent damage.
Mitochondria are therefore both agents and defenders . They generate free radicals, but they also have "tools" to restore balance. When this protective system is overwhelmed (e.g., due to age, stress, or poor nutrition), oxidative stress occurs, which has a long-term impact on cells and our health.
4. Role in diseases
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are not just a side effect of disease – they can actively contribute to the development of disease.
Neurodegenerative diseases
Diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis are closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Energy-deficient nerve cells lose their function and die. In addition, free radicals damage the delicate structure of neurons.
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Parkinson's : There is evidence that dysfunction of the respiratory chain in the mitochondria of dopamine-producing cells plays a central role.
Alzheimer's : Lack of energy in the brain accelerates the formation of amyloid plaques associated with this disease.
Cancer
Mitochondria regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis). If this function is disrupted, defective cells can grow uncontrollably. This can lead to tumor formation.
Some cancer cells use altered metabolic pathways in the mitochondria to ensure their own survival.
Cardiovascular diseases
The heart, one of the most energy-hungry organs, is highly dependent on mitochondrial function. Reduced ATP production leads to a decrease in the heart's pumping power.
Oxidative stress in the mitochondria of cardiac muscle cells promotes the development of atherosclerosis and heart failure.
diabetes
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Energy production in the mitochondria is essential for insulin secretion in the pancreas. Impaired mitochondrial function can contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Immune diseases
Mitochondria are also involved in the immune response. Dysfunction can weaken the immune system and promote chronic inflammation.
5. Connection between mitochondria and psyche
Recent studies show that mitochondria also influence our mental health . Chronic stress, sleep deprivation, and depression can impair mitochondrial function. At the same time, mitochondrial dysfunction leads to:
Exhaustion and burnout symptoms : Psychological stress increases energy requirements, which overwhelms the mitochondria.
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Impairment of the sleep-wake rhythm : The circadian rhythms of the mitochondria are closely linked to the regulation of sleep.
Development of anxiety disorders : A lack of energy in the brain impairs signal transmission and can lead to emotional imbalances.
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